Footnotes
- Gregory IX, “Letter to Louis IX of France” (Oct. 21, 1239), quoted by St. Pius X in “Parole del Santo Padre Pio X—Pubblicazione dei decreti sulle virtù eroiche di: Giovanna d’Arco, Givoanni Eudes, Francesco de Capillas, Giovanni Teofano Vénard e compagni (Dec. 13, 1908), https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-x/it/speeches/documents/hf_p-x_spe_19081213_decreto-beatificazione.html. [Translations from foreign sources are mine. In quotes, my emphasis is shown in italics, while original emphasis is shown in bold.]
- See Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira, Revolution and Counter-Revolution (Spring Grove, Penn.: The American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property, 1993), part 1, chaps. 2 and 3.
- See René Grousset, The Epic of the Crusades, trans. Noel Lindsay (New York: Orion Press, 1970), 4.
- “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity,” Elysee.fr, accessed Oct. 2, 2026, https://www.elysee.fr/en/french-presidency/liberty-equality-fraternity.
- “5 décembre 1790 “Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité” Robespierre (Discours sur l’organisation des gardes nationales), Gauchemip.org, Apr. 4, 2018, https://www.gauchemip.org/spip.php?article4407. (CAPS in the original.)
- Pius IX, encyclical Nostis et nobiscum (Dec. 8, 1849), https://www.vatican.va/content/pius-ix/it/documents/enciclica-nostis-et-nobiscum-8-dicembre-1849.html.
- Partido Comunista Português–Organização Regional de Lisboa, “Liberdade, Igualdade, Fraternidade—A grande Revolução Francesa de 1789 e suas repercussões,” ABC do Marxismo-Leninismo A, no. 4 (1976) (Lisbo: Editorial Avante!), https://www.marxists.org/portugues/tematica/livros/abc-marxismo/a04.htm.
- See Axel Chouvel, “‘Que Dieu bénisse la France’: Ces 4 jours où Léon XIV a enthousiasmé les Français,” Le Figaro, Sept. 28, 2026, https://video.lefigaro.fr/figaro/que-dieu-benisse-la-france-ces-4-jours-ou-leon-xiv-a-enthousiasme-les-francais-20260928.
- Leo XIV, “Address of Pope Leo XIV—Meeting with the Authorities, Civil Society, and the Diplomatic Corps at the Élysée Palace (Sept. 25, 2026), Vatican.va, https://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiv/en/speeches/2026/september/documents/20260925-francia-autorita.html.
- Klemens Löffler, “Humanism,” The Catholic Encyclopedia (New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910), 7:538, https://archive.org/details/catholicencyclop07herbuoft/page/538/mode/1up .
- William Bristow, “Enlightenment,” in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. Edward N. Zalta and Uri Nodelman, (Fall 2023), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2023/entries/enlightenment.
- See Adrien Dansette, Under the Third Republic, vol. 2 of Religious History of Modern France, trans. John Dingle (New York: Herder and Herder, 1961).
- Canon 1752 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law states: “The salvation of souls, which must always be the supreme law in the Church, is to be kept before one’s eyes.” Accessed Oct. 11, 2026, https://www.vatican.va/archive/cod-iuris-canonici/eng/documents/cic_lib7-cann1732-1752_en.html.
- Pius X, “Allocutio—Habita occasione impositionis b freti novis cardinalibus [Consistorial Allocution Vi ringrazio] (Nov. 29, 1911), in Acta Apostolicae Sedis [Rome: Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis, 1911], [year 3, vol. 3], 657, https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-03-1911-ocr.pdf.
- https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/nyc-city-run-grocery-store-lawsuit/
- https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/nyc-city-run-grocery-store-lawsuit/
- https://www.latintimes.com/bodega-coalition-sues-mamdani-over-city-run-grocery-store-plan-598826
- https://patch.com/new-york/new-york-city/nyc-owned-grocery-plan-sued-lawsuit-explained
- https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2026/aug/25/zohran-mamdani-lawsuit-city-owned-grocery-stores
- https://nypost.com/2026/08/24/business/immigrant-grocers-sue-mamdani-compare-nyc-plan-for-government-owned-supermarkets-to-walmart/
- https://www.nyc.gov/mayors-office/news/2026/07/mayor-mamdani-unveils-30–discount—including-all-produce–all-
- https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2026/aug/25/zohran-mamdani-lawsuit-city-owned-grocery-stores
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Mercal
- https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/nyc-city-run-grocery-store-lawsuit/
